Angier K9 Field Notes
Read the context before naming the emotion
External research · Draft reading note
Horowitz (2009) — primary source
Primary paper: design, findings and interpretation checked. This note summarizes the linked publication; it is not a study of Angier K9.
- Study design
- Fourteen dogs were observed in trials that varied treat-taking and the information given to owners.
- Reported finding
- Behaviors owners called a guilty look were associated more with scolding than with whether the dog had eaten the treat.
- What this does not establish
- This experiment addressed the context of a behavioral display. It did not establish whether dogs can or cannot experience guilt in general.
Our editorial reading prompt
Before assigning an emotion, describe the visible behavior and what the person did immediately before it.
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These are thematic links, not claims that the paper validates the linked explanation.
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